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- 30,510 km²; land area: 30,230 km²
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- Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
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- Land boundaries: 1,385 km total; France 620 km, Luxembourg
- 148 km, Netherlands 450 km, FRG 167 km
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- Coastline: 64 km
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- Maritime claims:
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- Continental shelf: not specific;
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- Exclusive fishing zone: equidistant line with neighbors (extends
- about 68 km from coast);
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- Territorial sea: 12 nm
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- Climate: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
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- Terrain: flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged
- mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast
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- Natural resources: coal, natural gas
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- Land use: 24% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 20% meadows and pastures;
- 21% forest and woodland; 34% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
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- Environment: air and water pollution
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- Note: majority of West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels;
- crossroads of Western Europe; Brussels is the seat of the EC
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- █ ≡ People ≡ █
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- Population: 9,909,285 (July 1990), growth rate 0.1% (1990)
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- Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1990)
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- Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
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- Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
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- Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
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- Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1990)
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- Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1990)
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- Nationality: noun--Belgian(s); adjective--Belgian
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- Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33% Walloon, 12% mixed or other
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- Religion: 75% Roman Catholic; remainder Protestant or other
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- Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32% French, 1% German; 11% legally
- bilingual; divided along ethnic lines
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- Literacy: 98%
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- Labor force: 4,000,000; 58% services, 37% industry, 5% agriculture (1987)
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- Organized labor: 70% of labor force
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- █ ≡ Government ≡ █
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- Long-form name: Kingdom of Belgium
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- Type: constitutional monarchy
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- Capital: Brussels
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- Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (French--provinces,
- singular--province; Flemish--provincien, singular--provincie); Antwerpen,
- Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen,
- West-Vlaanderen
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- Independence: 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands)
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- Constitution: 7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the
- government is in the process of revising the Constitution, with the aim of
- federalizing the Belgian state
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- Legal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional
- theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
- jurisdiction, with reservations
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- National holiday: National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold
- to the throne in 1831)
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- Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, five deputy prime ministers,
- Cabinet
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- Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or
- Senate (Flemish--Senaat, French--Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of
- Representatives (Flemish--Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French--Chambre
- des Representants)
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- Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish--Hof van Cassatie,
- French--Cour de Cassation)
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- Leaders:
- Chief of State--King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951);
- Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege (brother of the King; born 6
- June 1934);
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- Head of Government--Prime Minister Wilfried MARTENS,
- (since April 1979, with a 10-month interruption in 1981)
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- Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman
- van Rompuy, president; Walloon Social Christian (PSC), Gerard Deprez,
- president; Flemish Socialist (SP), Frank Vandenbroucke, president; Walloon
- Socialist (PS), Guy Spitaels, president; Flemish Liberal (PVV),
- Guy Verhofstadt, president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Antoine Duquesne,
- president; Francophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges Clerfayt, president;
- Volksunie (VU), Jaak Gabriels, president; Communist Party (PCB),
- Louis van Geyt, president; Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel Dillen;
- other minor parties
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- Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
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- Elections:
- Senate--last held 13 December 1987 (next to be held December
- 1991);
- results--CVP 19.2%, PS 15.7%, SP 14.7%, PVV 11.3%, PRL 9.3%,
- VU 8.1%, PSC 7.8%, ECOLO-AGALEV 7.7%, VB 2.0%, VDF 1.3%,
- other 1.96%;
- seats--(106 total) CVP 22, PS 20, SP 17, PRL 12, PVV 11, PSC 9, VU 8,
- ECOLO-AGALEV 5, VB 1, FDF 1;
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- Chamber of Representatives--last held 13 December 1987
- (next to be held December 1991);
- results--CVP 19.45%, PS 15.66%, SP 14.88%, PVV 11.55%, PRL 9.41%,
- PSC 8.01%, VU 8.05%, ECOLO-AGALEV 7.05%, VB 1.90%, FDF 1.16%, other
- 2.88%;
- seats--(212 total) CVP 43, PS 40, SP 32, PVV 25, PRL 23,
- PSC 19, VU 16, ECOLO-AGALEV 9, FDF 3, VB 2
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- Communists: under 5,000 members (December 1985 est.)
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- Other political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist Trade Unions;
- Federation of Belgian Industries; numerous other associations representing
- bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical
- professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of
- Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as the Flemish Action
- Committee Against Nuclear Weapons and Pax Christi
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- Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE,
- ECOSOC, EIB, EMS, ESA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
- IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
- INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
- UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
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- Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Herman DEHENNIN; Chancery at
- 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6900;
- there are Belgian Consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston,
- Los Angeles, and New York;
- US--Ambassador Maynard W. GLITMAN; Embassy at 27 Boulevard du Regent,
- B-1000 Brussels (mailing address is APO New York 09667);
- telephone p32o (2) 513-3830; there is a US Consulate General in Antwerp
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- Flag: three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red;
- the design was based on the flag of France
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- █ ≡ Economy ≡ █
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- Overview: This small private-enterprise economy has capitalized
- on its central geographic location, highly developed transport
- network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is
- concentrated mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north, although
- the government is encouraging reinvestment in the southern region
- of Walloon. With few natural resources Belgium must import essential raw
- materials, making its economy closely dependent on the state of world
- markets. In 1988 over 70% of trade was with other EC countries. During the
- period 1986-88 the economy profited from falling oil prices and a lower
- dollar, which helped to improve the terms of trade. Real GDP grew
- by an average of 3.5% in 1986-89, up from 1.5% in 1985. However, a
- large budget deficit and 10% unemployment cast a shadow on the economy.
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- GDP: $136.0 billion, per capita $13,700; real growth rate 4.5%
- (1989 est.)
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- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (1989 est.)
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- Unemployment rate: 9.7% est. (1989 est.)
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- Budget: revenues $45.0 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion,
- including capital expenditures of NA (1989)
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- Exports: $100.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
- Union; commodities--iron and steel, transportation equipment,
- tractors, diamonds, petroleum products;
- partners--EC 74%, US 5%, Communist countries 2% (1988)
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- Imports: $100.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
- Union; commodities--fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs;
- partners--EC 72%, US 5%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%,
- Communist countries 3% (1988)
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- External debt: $27.5 billion (1988)
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- Industrial production: growth rate 6.4% (1988)
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- Electricity: 17,325,000 kW capacity; 62,780 million kWh produced,
- 6,350 kWh per capita (1989)
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- Industries: engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages,
- chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal
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- Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP; emphasis on livestock
- production--beef, veal, pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh
- vegetables, fruits, grain, and tobacco; net importer of farm products
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- Aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $4.3 billion
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- Currency: Belgian franc (plural--francs); 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100
- centimes
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- Exchange rates: Belgian francs (BF) per US$1--35.468 (January 1990),
- 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987), 44.672 (1986), 59.378 (1985)
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- Fiscal year: calendar year
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- █ ≡ Communications ≡ █
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- Railroads: Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,667 km 1.435-meter
- standard gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 1,978 km
- electrified; 191 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned and operated
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- Highways: 103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute;
- 11,717 km national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km
- paved and 51,000 km unpaved rural roads
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- Inland waterways: 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use)
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- Ports: Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge, 1 secondary, and
- 1 minor maritime; 11 inland
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- Merchant marine: 67 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,854,898
- GRT/3,071,637 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 6
- roll-on/roll-off, 6 container, 7 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
- tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 9 chemical tanker, 13
- bulk, 6 combination bulk
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- Pipelines: refined products 1,167 km; crude 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km
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- Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
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- Airports: 42 total, 42 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways;
- none with runways over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
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- Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international telephone and
- telegraph facilities; 4,560,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 19 FM (41
- relays) 25 TV (10 relays); 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations
- operating in INTELSAT 3 Atlantic Ocean and EUTELSAT systems
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- █ ≡ Defense Forces ≡ █
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- Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
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- Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,512,681; 2,114,701 fit for military
- service; 66,758 reach military age (19) annually
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- Defense expenditures: 2.7% of GDP, or $3.7 billion (1989 est.)